2021年10月8日

行業報導 - 2021年10月8日

1、《彭博》:中國能源危機波及全球 對全世界製造業帶來滯漲衝擊

中國能源危機的影響已經開始波及全球,從豐田汽車(Toyota)到澳洲的養羊場和紙箱製造商都受到了打擊。

據彭博社10月8日報道,全球最大出口國極端的電力短缺不僅勢必會損害其自身的成長,而且對供應鏈的連鎖影響也可能會影響到正在艱難擺脱疫情的全球經濟。

時機可能再糟糕不過了,航運業已經面臨運輸線的擁堵,年末假日服裝和玩具的交付均被推遲。而中國的收穫季也剛剛開始,從而引發了人們對食品賬單大幅上升的擔憂。

「如果電力短缺和減產持續下去,可能會成為造成全球供給側問題的又一個因素,特別是如果它們開始影響到出口產品的生產,」牛津經濟研究院高級亞洲經濟學家Louis Kuijs說。

經濟學家已經就中國經濟成長放緩發出警告。花旗(Citi)的一個脆弱性指數表明,製造業和大宗商品的出口商尤其面臨中國經濟走弱的風險。台灣和韓國等對此敏感,澳洲和智利等金屬出口國亦是如此,德國等主要貿易伙伴也有一定的風險。

至於消費者,問題在於製造商是有能力消化成本的上升,還是會轉嫁出去。

「這看起來像是製造業的又一場滯漲衝擊,不僅是對中國,而且是對世界,」Pantheon Macroeconomics首席中國經濟學家Craig Botham說。「價格的上漲目前看來相當廣泛,這是中國深深捲入全球供應鏈的結果。」

在試圖穩定局勢的過程中,北京一直在尋找電力供應。對全球經濟的影響將取決於這些努力多快能夠見效。許多中國工廠在10月1日當周的「黃金周」期間削減了產量,經濟學家們正在密切關注當這些工廠恢復生產之際,電力短缺情況是否會重演。

不過,一些行業已經面臨壓力,他們所受到的損害可能會迅速蔓延到其他行業。

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資料來源:香港01 (2021年10月8日)

2、國際運輸業:全球供應鏈瀕崩潰

警告各國不放寬防疫出入境限制 必需品年底短缺加劇

【明報專訊】新型冠狀病毒疫情自前年底爆發以來重挫全球物流,多個國際運輸組織周三(9月29日)向出席聯合國大會的各國領袖發公開信,警告若各國不恢復運輸工人的行動自由,並讓他們優先接種世衛認可的疫苗,全球供應鏈將面臨崩潰風險,預計今年底人手流失更多,供應鏈受壓更嚴重。運輸工人在疫情下待遇欠佳,如多地實施出入境限制後,船運公司難以在全球各地調配人手,令許多船員被迫長時間留在船上,有個案甚至較合約工作多一年半,各地對疫苗要求不一,亦迫使部分工人接種多款疫苗。

公開信的聯署單位包括國際航運公會(ICS)、國際航空運輸協會(IATA)、國際道路運輸聯盟(IRU)及國際運輸工人聯會(ITF),代表全球6500萬運輸工人。信中指出,疫情下旅遊禁令等限制嚴重損害運輸工人的福祉和安全,這兩年來對工人造成的壓力已開始帶來負面影響,壓垮全球供應鏈,若各界繼續沒有行動,現時電子、食品、燃料和醫療用品等必需品的短缺恐於聖誕前加劇。

回家過節拒簽新約 人手更缺

信中亦提到,目前所有運輸界別都缺人手,工人在疫情期間所受的待遇惡劣,預料會流失更多人手,勢令供應鏈面臨更大威脅。ICS秘書長普拉滕(Guy Platten)說,面對港口關閉和旅遊限制不斷改變,船員或不想冒無法回家過聖誕的風險,而拒簽新約,料人手短缺問題或惡化至年底。這點恐令供應鏈進一步受壓,如英國近日就因脫歐和疫情加劇貨車司機短缺,影響燃油運輸,日內將出動軍人協助運送燃油。

許多船員在疫情初期同意延長合約數個月,以維持食品、燃料、醫療用品和其他消費品在全球的供應,但隨着飛機停飛和多國封關,船運公司幾乎無法將工人調到其他地方以便換更。ICS指出,去年高峰期曾有多達40萬名船員無法離開船隻換更,甚至有人被迫較最初的合約工作多18個月。

各地認可不一 有船員打6針

儘管情况已有改善,但調動船員仍是一大難題。普拉滕指出,部分地區因Delta變種病毒肆虐而恢復出入境限制,運輸工人需面對無數的疫苗和檢測要求,而且往往只有極短通知時間。由於各地認可的疫苗不一,船員不得不接種多次疫苗,普拉滕稱得知有人曾接種3款共六劑疫苗。在全球疫苗分配不均下,他估計僅25%至30%船員已完成接種疫苗。

司機檢測頻繁 通關樽頸難解決

病毒檢測亦是工人面對的難關,尤其是陸路。德國2月在邊境實施強檢,貨車司機不獲豁免,意大利等鄰國亦隨之實施類似限制,以免數千司機滯留在國內。這個措施嚴重影響貨車司機,尤其在連接意大利和奧地利的布倫納山口(Brenner Pass),許多司機被迫在零下低溫環境等候數天,後來歐盟推出數碼新冠通行證,令有關問題得以緩和,但樽頸仍未解決。來自美國的船員馬查爾(Karynn Marchal)亦稱,她與其他船員上月在7天內接受了10次檢測,才可進入新加坡的造船廠維修,但隨着港口爆發疫情,維修工作延誤一周,料最快10月中才可離開,其間船員須留在船上。

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資料來源:明報 (2021年10月1日)

3、越南預警返鄉潮引爆勞工荒

越南政府警告,數以百萬計農民工可能離開當地外資工廠密集的工業區,可能會造成勞工短缺的問題,令對全球供應鏈進一步受打擊。

210萬民工擬離開城市

政府在官方網站表示,數以萬計的工人已經離開胡志明市和鄰近平陽省、同奈省和隆安省等商業中心,並援引公安部數據稱,工業地帶多達210萬工人希望返回家鄉。越南新聞網站Zing引述胡志明市企業協會(HUBA)主席朱進勇指出,工人相信在農村與家人一起更加安全,而且在那裏也可以去工廠工作。

工人流失風險增加,證明之前越南工業界領袖對即將出現勞工短缺的警告正確。越南之前實施嚴格封城令,要求工廠讓工人睡在廠內,否則就要暫時關閉,當時很多工人選擇回鄉。10月1日放寬限制觸發第二波工人流失潮,因為這是數個月來他們第一次獲准離開工作的城市。

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資料來源:信報財經 (2021年10月8日)

4、美計劃重新豁免549類中國貨關稅

美國貿易代表辦公室(USTR)擬重新豁免549類中國進口貨品的關稅,並就此諮詢公眾意見。根據聯邦公告,USTR表示,擬重新豁免部分貨品關稅,涉及工業用零件、恒溫器、醫療用品、單車及紡織品等。公眾對當局有關行動如有意見,可於10月12日至12月1日期間提交意見。

涉機械零件工業衣車等

在549類擬重新豁免關稅的貨品中,亦包括機械零件,投影機零件、X光管外殼、車庫閘門開關,以及工業衣車等。

美國貿易代表戴琪周一稱,尋求與中國官員就兩國貿易關係溝通,也可能啟動重新豁免部分中國貨關稅的行動。拜登政府保留前總統特朗普對中國徵收關稅的措施,目前中國出口美國的近一半產品正被徵收高額關稅;華府期間曾向部分中國貨實施豁免關稅,有關豁免大部分在去年底屆滿。

停向中廣核輸放射原料

此外,路透報道,美國核能管理委員會9月27日在命令中表示,白宮決定暫停向中廣核集團(CGN),運送放射性材料和反應堆所使用的氫同位素,或顯示華府對中國建設核武的擔憂。

據美國核能管理委員會指出,暫停向中廣核輸送核原料,是美國的國家安全利益的重要決定,亦提高《1954年原子能法》的常態防衞及安全承諾的一致性。

報道指出,美國今次暫停向中廣核輸送核原料,是較特朗普於2018年限制向中國輸送民用核技術的進一步收緊控制,當時收緊限制是指為防止核技術被用於軍事或其他非授權用途。

資料來源:信報財經 (2021年10月7日)

5、全球破產企業明年料增15%

出口信用保險公司裕利安宜(Euler Hermes)報告指出,隨着各地政府開始撤回疫情期間推出的救助措施,全球企業破產個案預計在連跌兩年後,2022年將增加15%,但仍較2019年低4%。

各地政府開始撤救助措施

裕利安宜指出,2020年全球破產個案按年跌12%,2021年估計會再挫6%。該公司行業及破產研究主管萊默爾(Maxime Lemerle)表示,從破產水平看來,政府的救助措施成功幫助企業應對了危機,在2020年,西歐每兩家公司便有一家因為大規模的政府補助而避過破產,美國則每3家有一家逃過破產命運。

至於今明兩年,美國企業破產預期可保持低企,歐洲將個別發展,法國、德國和比利時估計因為刺激措施延長而保持低破產數字,西班牙和意大利今年或明年可能升至超過2019年,而瑞士、瑞典和葡萄牙明年的破產數字相信會反彈,但仍未重返疫情前水平。

亞太地區2022年的企業破產估計按年增長18%,其中印度將飆升69%,因為2020至2021年疫情期間,當地法庭暫停處理破產訴訟。

資料來源:信報財經 (2021年10月7日)

6、【施政報告】信保局加推3項新支援措施

香港信保局主席吳宏斌表示,歡迎特首在《施政報告》推出多項新增支援措施,包括局方將加推3項新支援措施,以幫助本港出口商增強其抵禦疫境的能力。

信保局將於明年初以試行形式推出「出口信用擔保計劃」,為保戶的出口融資提供最高至七成的信貸擔保,擔保額以5000萬元為上限,以協助中小企更容易在市場上取得出口融資,細節待諮詢業界後公布。

另針對保戶申請信用限額未能獲得全數批額的情況,信保局將於明年新設「彈性賠償率安排」,以提升他們在不同風險情況下的保險保障。保戶可獲自動提升其500萬元或以下的信用限額,賠償率由六成至九成不等。

此外,該局將於12月推出加強版網上信用保險自助服務平台「EC-Reach中小企信保網2.0」,並增設網上「小營業額保單」及「自訂保額保單」。信保局會為提交100萬元或以下的信用限額申請的保戶,提供快速批核程序,並於1日內完成具備足夠買家資料的批核申請。「自訂保額保單」的保戶更可以在符合條件下,自訂高達80萬元的信用限額,毋須另行審批。

吳宏斌說,有關新支援措施進一步支持中小企出口商,隨着信用限額彈性加大、風險保障提高、批額速度加快,以及出口信用擔保的推出,中小企保戶可以在爭取更大的訂單及市場份額上更具優勢。

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資料來源:信報財經 (2021年10月7日)

7、India nears widespread power crunch on coal shortage

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TOKYO/MUMBAI -- India stands on the brink of widespread power shortages as most of the country's coal-fired plants have enough fuel for only a few more days, the latest reports show.

More than half of India's 135 coal plants will run out of fuel in less than three days, the Financial Times and Reuters wrote over the weekend, citing government sources. As of Friday, the stockpiles of all coal plants averaged four days.

Coal-fired plants account for about 70% of India's power source mix.

Though New Delhi recommends having at least two weeks' worth of coal stocks on hand, the average shrank to 13 days in early August. As the country's economic activity picked up with the declining rate of coronavirus infections, industrial demand for electricity mushroomed.

Power consumption in August and September exceeded the volumes from the same months in the pre-pandemic year of 2019. The government, anticipating that demand will remain at current levels, ordered power companies to boost their stockpiles of coal.

But supplies have been tight as global coal prices rise. India is the second-largest importer after China, taking in the fuel mainly from Indonesia and Australia.

Spot prices for Australian thermal coal, an Asian benchmark, surpassed $200 per ton as of early October. The value broke the record of about $185 set in July 2008.

Not only has Asian coal demand surged as economies revive, Western nations increasingly are procuring coal as a substitute for natural gas, which is also experiencing price gains.

The record prices caused Indian imports of coal to drop more than 30% in August and September from the average in July and previous months. Indian electric companies tried to make do by purchasing cheaper coal produced domestically, but those plans were dashed when last month's torrential rain caused production cuts at mines.

Coal India, a state-backed enterprise, produces over 80% of the country's coal, but supplies from the company have not offset the losses in imports.

In neighboring China, the coal crunch has triggered serious power shortages affecting at least 20 provinces. Blackouts have occurred in Liaoning and other northeastern provinces. Suppliers for Apple in eastern Jiangsu Province suspended factory operations.

China is moving to secure fossil fuels, looking to avert power shortages during winter. Asian coal prices are expected to jump higher due to that pressure, and coal supplies in India might not recover for some time.

"Imports remain the only option to meet demand" in the near term, Indian credit rating agency Crisil, part of the S&P Global group, wrote in a recent report. "In our view, coal inventory at thermal plants will improve only gradually by next March."

No major power outages have been confirmed. But if industrial sectors face electricity shortages, India's economic reopening would be delayed.

One source at a steelmaker said operations are not expected to be impacted immediately, but the situation is being monitored.

Coal India will boost supplies for power plants, but cut back on deliveries for companies that use in-house generators, such as metal and cement makers. Some businesses are reportedly considering downscaling production.

An aluminum industry group has sent Coal India a letter urging the company to maintain supplies, according to a local newspaper.

"Although the higher prices of imported coal are putting upward pressure on production costs of steel and other products, household electricity demand from air conditioners will diminish going into winter," said Ram Giri, researcher at Mitsui & Co. Global Strategic Studies Institute. "India's power crunch will not deteriorate to China's level, so the risk of blackouts will likely be limited."

Source: asia.nikkei.com (5 Oct 2021)

8、Gap Inc acquires AI start-up CB4

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US specialty clothing retailer Gap Inc has acquired AI start-up Context-Based 4 Casting Ltd (CB4) that uses machine learning tools to transform retail operations, increase sales and improve customer experience through predictive analytics and demand sensing.

The acquisition of New York and Tel Aviv-based CB4 was brokered by Gap Inc’s Strategic Growth Office, a unit of the company that seeks out opportunities to fuel growth and accelerate new capabilities across its portfolio of brands.

“We believe artificial intelligence and machine learning will shape the future of our industry,” says Sally Gilligan, chief growth transformation officer and head of the Strategic Growth Office at Gap Inc. “Gap Inc has experience working with CB4’s world-class data scientists, so we understand the impact and the wide applications their science can have across sales, inventory and consumer insights, as well as its potential to unlock value and enhance the customer experience.”

CB4’s technology makes recommendations that support new sales and more satisfied customers. Funded by investors including Sequoia Capital, CB4’s technology has been implemented by retailers including Levi’s, Urban Outfitters, Lidl, and Kum & Go.

In February, market research firm CB Insights named CB4 to its inaugural Retail Tech 100 ranking, which showcases the 100 most promising B2B retail tech companies in the world.

As part of the acquisition, CB4’s team will join Gap Inc as full-time employees.

“CB4’s AI helps lift sales and enhance customer experiences. As we join Gap Inc, I’m excited to see how our team can drive even broader and deeper impact at the company’s global scale,” adds CB4 CEO Yoni Benshaul.

Since moving to the Cloud in October 2020, Gap Inc has increased investments in technology to enable growth and innovation that can impact its entire portfolio of brands.

Earlier this year, the Strategic Growth Office led Gap Inc’s acquisition of Drapr, an e-commerce startup that powers 3D-fit technology and virtual fitting rooms to reduce online returns, and also participated in the latest funding round for obé fitness, a digital fitness platform that partners with Gap Inc’s Athleta Brand to bring entertainment, pop culture, and design to fitness.

Gap Inc recently released its 2020 Global Sustainability Report in which it said it is on track to meet its goal of sourcing 100% renewable energy by 2030 for globally owned and operated facilities.

Source: www.just-style.com (5 Oct 2021)


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